Cereals
Cereals represent a cornerstone of global agriculture, cultivated over large areas and divided into autumn–winter crops (such as soft wheat, durum wheat, and barley) and spring crops (such as corn, sorghum, and rice). These crops require careful agronomic management, considering soil fertility and structure, balanced nutrient supply, protection from abiotic stress, and appropriate cultivation practices.
In this context, the use of biopromoters or biostimulants during critical developmental stages can support root development, improve nutrient absorption, and enhance the plant’s ability to cope with adverse conditions, ultimately contributing to higher yields and more uniform production quality.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a very rustic autumn–winter cereal cultivated both for livestock feed and industrial uses (breweries and distilleries).It has a short growth cycle and good tolerance to arid climates.The plant features an awned spike and a deep root system.Cultivation requires targeted practices to ensure uniform maturation and resistance to diseases.
Corn (Zea mays) is a spring-sown cereal with high water and thermal requirements.It is characterized by a male inflorescence (tassel) and a female inflorescence (ear), with kernels that vary in colour depending on the variety.It is primarily used for livestock feed and industrial processing.Agronomic management requires targeted fertilization and regular irrigation.
Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is an autumn–winter cereal characterized by awned spikes and vitreous kernels rich in proteins and gluten. It thrives in temperate climates and well-drained soils and is primarily used for semolina production in the pasta industry. Proper agronomic management requires close attention to nitrogen fertilization and fungal disease control.
Rice (Oryza sativa) is an Asian-origin cereal cultivated in flooded environments typical of paddy fields.It is characterized by a panicle-type inflorescence and starch-rich kernels.It requires abundant water availability and flat soils.Primarily used for human consumption, rice is a highly specialized crop that demands careful management of flooding and fertilization.
Soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) produces floury kernels with variable protein content, used for bread, pastries, and baked goods.It is an autumn–winter species adaptable to a wide range of soil and climate conditions, although sensitive to water stress and fungal diseases.Yield and grain quality depend significantly on nutritional management and environmental conditions during grain maturation.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a spring cereal characterized by high drought tolerance and the ability to thrive in poor soils.It features a panicle-type inflorescence and small kernels.Used for animal feed, industry, and bioenergy, it is a strategic crop under water stress conditions.It requires careful management of sowing and weed control.